Observations

A variety of observational datasets are used within MPAS-Analysis:

Ocean Observations

Observational Dataset	Source	References
SST merged Hadley Center-NOAA/OI data set	NCAR Hadley-NOAA/OI SST website	Hurrell et al. (2008)
SSS from NASA Aquarius satellite	NASA Aquarius Website	Lagerloef et al. (2015)
WOA18 Temperature and Salinity Climatology	NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website	Locarnini et al. (2019) Zweng et al. (2019)
WOA23 Temperature and Salinity Climatology	NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) website	Locarnini et al. (2024) Reagan et al. (2024)
AVISO Absolute Dynamic Topography	NASA JPL AVISO website	AVISO: Sea Surface Height above Geoid
Argo Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) climatology	UCSD Mixed Layer Website	Holte et al. (2017) Holte and Talley (2009) de Boyer Montegut et al. (2004)
Meridional Heat Transport (MHT)	Data available upon request from Dr. Kevin Trenberth	Trenberth and Caron (2001)
Roemmich-Gilson Argo Climatology	Scripps Roemmich-Gilson Argo Website	Roemmich and Gilson (2009)
2005-2010 climatology from SOSE the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE)	SOSE Website at UCSD	Mazloff et al. (2010)
Antarctic melt rates and fluxes	Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica	Rignot et al. (2013)
Antarctic melt rates and fluxes	Data from: Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves	Adusumilli et al. (2020)
Antarctic melt rates and fluxes	Data from: ANT_G1920V01_IceShelfMelt.nc	Paolo et al. (2023)
HadISST Nino 3.4 Index	NCAR Hadley-NOAA/OI SST website	Hurrell et al. (2008)
ERS SSTv4 Nino 3.4 Index	NOAA ERSST v4 website	Huang et al. (2014) Liu et al. (2014) Huang et al. (2015)
Antarctic Seafloor Temperature and Salinity	ASCII data file	Schmidtko et al. (2014)
WOCE sections	WOCE Atlas Website CCHDO	Orsi and Whitworth (2005)
AntShip sections	OCEAN ICE D1.1	Zhou et al. (2024)
World Ocean Atlas v2	World Ocean Atlas v2 Website	Oxygen: Garcia et al. 2014a Nutrients: Garcia et al. 2014b
Landschuetzerv2016 SOM-FFN	SOM-FFN Website	Landschuetzer et al. 2013 Landschuetzer et al. 2014 Landschuetzer et al. 2016 Bakker et al. 2016
SeaWiFS	Ocean Color Website	O’Reilly et al. 1998
GLODAPv2	GLODAPv2 Website	Olsen et al. 2016 Lauvset et al. 2016 Olsen et al. 2017
Surface Current Variance from Drifter Data	NOAA/AOML	Laurindo et al. (2017)
Wave Reanalysis: ERA5	Copernicus Climate Data Store	Hersback et al. 2020
Wave Satelite Altimeter Observations: ESA Sea State Climate Change Initiative	CEDA Archive	Dodet et al. 2020
OSNAP Temperature Salinity and Velocity Climatology	Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) website

Sea Ice Observations

Observational Dataset	Source	References
Ice concentration: SSM/I, NASATeam algorithm	NSIDC NASATeam Website	Cavalieri et al. (1996)
Ice concentration: SSM/I, Bootstrap algorithm	NSIDC Bootstrap Website	Comiso (2017)
Ice area and extent time series: SSM/I derived	NASA Ice area and extent website	Cavalieri et al. (1999) Cavalieri et al. (2012) Cavalieri and Parkinson (2012) Parkinson et al. (1999) Parkinson and Cavalieri (2012) Zwally et al. (2002)
IceSat Ice Thickness	NASA: Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard and Thickness	Yi and Zwally (2009)
PIOMAS Arctic Sea Ice Volume Reanalysis	PIOMAS website	Schweiger et al. (2011) Zhang and Rothrock (2003)
Sea ice production and transport: Haumann et al 2016	EnviDat	Haumann et al (2016), data Haumann et al (2016), paper
Iceberg Concentration: Altiberg	Altiberg website	Tournade et al (2017)

Details on Each Data Set